IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGSIONAL GROUPS
CREATED BY
NAME :EKA INTAN CAHYANI
MIRDA JUMIANA
M.HAQIQI
M.JOHARI
TIA HERDIANTI
GROUP : 04
CHEMICAL LABORATORY
DEPARTMENT OF PMIPA
FACULTY TEACHER AND TRAINING EDUCATIONAL
UNIVERSITAS JAMBI
2012
Title of experiment : IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGSIONAL GROUPS
Day/date :thrusday/31 mei 2012
Purpose of experiment : 1. Know the physical and chemical properties of
alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, halides, nitro
compounds, and ester
2. Typical test for functional groups
2. Typical test for functional groups
BASIS OF THEORY:
Triiodometana reaction (iodoform)
Iodine solution put in a little aldehyde or ketone, diikutidengan sufficient sodium hydroxide solution to remove warnaiodin. If nothing happens in the cold, maybe diperlukanuntuk very slowly heating the mixture. The positive results shown by the pale yellow precipitate of triiodometana (formerly called the iodoform) . In addition to recognizable dariwarnanya, triiodometana can also be identified from scent miriparoma "medicine". These compounds are used as an antiseptic in many plaster paste, for example, for minor injuries. The reaction yangditunjukkan triiodometana (iodoform) positive results - pucatdari triiodometana yellow precipitate (iodoform) - produced by an aldehyde or ketonyang penggugusan contain the following: "R" can be a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group (eg, an alkyl group).
Alcohol is a compound such as water which one hydrogen is replaced by a hydrocarbon chain or ring. Physical properties of alcohol, alcohol has a boiling point higher than the number of alkane-alkane C atom is the same. This is due to the alcohol molecules form hydrogen bonds. Alcohol general formula R - OH, with R is an alkyl or cyclic alifatis well. In alcohol, the more branches of the lower boiling point. While in water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol soluble and only slightly soluble. Alcohol can be a thin and easily mixes with water in all proportion. (Brady, 1999).
By type, alcohol is determined by the position or location of the OH group on the main carbon chain of carbon. There are three types of alcohols include primary alcohols, secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols. Primary alcohol is alcohol-OH group was located at C primer that is bound directly to a carbon atom to another example: CH3CH2CH2OH (C3H7O). Secondary alcohol is alcohol-OH group was located at the secondary C atom bonded to two other C atoms. Tertiary alcohol is alcohol-OH group was located at the tertiary C atom is bonded directly to three other C atoms. (Fessenden, 1997)
Aliphatic alcohols are liquids that are highly influenced by hydrogen bonding. With increasing chain length, the influence of the polar hydroxyl groups on the molecular properties decreased. Properties such as water molecules are reduced, the opposite is more like hydrocarbons. As a result of low molecular weight alcohol tends to dissolve in water, whereas high-molecular-weight alcohol is not the case. Alcohol boils at a temperature high enough. As a group of compounds, phenol has a boiling point and solubility are highly variable, depending on the nature subtituen attached to the benzene ring. (Petrucci, 1987)
Some oxidation of alcohol include:
a. Oxidation to the aldehyde
The results of initial oxidation of primary alcohols is an aldehyde (RCH = O). Aldehyde, prepared oxidized to carboxylic acids. Therefore, the reaction between primary alcohols with a strong oxidizing agent will produce carboxylic acids and aldehydes are not intermediates. Specific reagents must be used when intermediate aldehyde is the desired result.
b. Oxidation to ketone. A secondary alcohol is oxidized by strong oxidizing a ketone-reactive.
c. Oxidation to carboxylic acids. A strong oxidizing agents commonly can oxidize primary alcohols to carboxylic acids. (Hart, 1999)
a. Oxidation to the aldehyde
The results of initial oxidation of primary alcohols is an aldehyde (RCH = O). Aldehyde, prepared oxidized to carboxylic acids. Therefore, the reaction between primary alcohols with a strong oxidizing agent will produce carboxylic acids and aldehydes are not intermediates. Specific reagents must be used when intermediate aldehyde is the desired result.
b. Oxidation to ketone. A secondary alcohol is oxidized by strong oxidizing a ketone-reactive.
c. Oxidation to carboxylic acids. A strong oxidizing agents commonly can oxidize primary alcohols to carboxylic acids. (Hart, 1999)
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
EQUIPMENT
reaction tube
litmus paper
mixer
pipette
MATERIALS
litmus paper
mixer
pipette
MATERIALS
alcohol
aquades0 %
aquades0 %
5 ml NaOH 10 %
I 2/ KI 10 %
2 ml K2CrO7 0.1 M
1ml H2SO4
Aldehida
NaHSO3 40%
CH3OH
Keton
HOC6H4COOH
NaHCO3 0.1M
Etanol
Mitobenzena
KOH
WORKING PROCEDURE
1. Alkohol
 |
dissolved in 5 ml of water into a 150 ml tube
Add 5 ml 10% NaOH
dropwise I2 / KI 10% to clear brown color
heated to a temperature of 60 degrees centigrade
KI was added again
allowed to cool
shaken tubes, add 10% NaOH
tube filled with distilled water, left for 10 minutes
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2. oksidasi alcohol
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included in the test tube 10 ml
added 1 ml of concentrated H2SO4
stir until dissolved, then cooled
note the color and odor changes that occur
added 1 ml of concentrated H2SO4
stir until dissolved, then cooled
note the color and odor changes that occur
Aldehida and Keton
|
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add 2 drops of alcohol and staggered tube
added 3 ml of distilled water to dissolve
repeated experiments (1,2,3) with ketones
III ACID AND BASES
Acidity
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provided, then added 0.1 g (if solid) or 1.2 m (4/5 drops if the solution) in tubes
containing 1 ml of distilled water
tested the pH with litmus paper
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B.deka rboksilat
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included in the 150 mm test tube
NaHCO3 was added 2 ml of 10%
NaHCO3 was added 2 ml of 10%
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C.
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poured in a test tube 150 mm
added 1 ml of ethanol
note the color and odor changes arising
added 1 ml of ethanol
note the color and odor changes arising
IV NITRO COMPOUNDS
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included in the test tube 150 mm
mixed with 1.5 ml of Fe (NH4) 2 (SO4) 22 15%
added 1 ml of KOH in an alcohol and stirring carefully
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V. ESTER
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added in a test tube 75 mm Add 5 drops of 3 M H2SO4 and 3 drops of water
after 1.5 minutes added to the heater 60 degrees celcius airbersuhu
heated on a water heater temperature of 60 degrees Celsius for 20 -30 minutes
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OBSERVATION OF DATA
A. OXIDATION ALCOHOL
| NO | ALCOHOL NAME | GROUP NAME | OBSERVATIONS | RESULT OF OXIDATION | |
| 1 | Metanol | alcohol(primer) | colour from | metanal | |
| | | | orange exchange | | |
| dark green | |||||
| | |||||
| 2 | Etanol | alcohol(primer) | no precipitate | etanal | |
| | | | the smell | | |
| from orange exchange | |||||
| green | |||||
| 3 | i- propanol | alcohol(primer) | the smell | propanal | |
| | | | separate layers | | |
| the top layer | |||||
| | |||||
| |
Identification of the alcohol group
DISCUSSION
solubility
From the observational data is seen that benzyl alcohol is soluble in ethanol and ether. While in the water insoluble benzyl alcohol, which is characterized by the formation of two layers in the solution. This might be due to differences in polarity. Alcohol and ether tergolon in a small polarity of the substance while the water is very polar substances.Based on theory, "like dissolves like," non-polar solvents will dissolve non-polar compounds. Similarly, polar solvents will dissolve polar compounds.
No alcohol banzil dissolution in water might be due to the length of carbon chain or high molecular weight of benzyl alcohol. Because of the higher molecular weight alcohol, its solubility in water decreases. This is due to hydrophobic properties (reject water molecules) can beat nature of the hydrophilic (loves water) hydroxyl groups.Dissolution of benzyl alcohol in the ether might be due to both small polarity, can form a hydrogen bond between the benzyl alcohol with ether. Ether has a lone pair, benzyl alcohol has a teikat hydrogen atoms on the oxygen atom.Dissolution of benzyl alcohol in ethanol might be due to polar benzyl alcohol with ethanol is not much different for both groups of alcohol, and alcohol can form hydrogen bonds with each other. Thus benzyl alcohol can form hydrogen bonds with ethanol.
No alcohol banzil dissolution in water might be due to the length of carbon chain or high molecular weight of benzyl alcohol. Because of the higher molecular weight alcohol, its solubility in water decreases. This is due to hydrophobic properties (reject water molecules) can beat nature of the hydrophilic (loves water) hydroxyl groups.Dissolution of benzyl alcohol in the ether might be due to both small polarity, can form a hydrogen bond between the benzyl alcohol with ether. Ether has a lone pair, benzyl alcohol has a teikat hydrogen atoms on the oxygen atom.Dissolution of benzyl alcohol in ethanol might be due to polar benzyl alcohol with ethanol is not much different for both groups of alcohol, and alcohol can form hydrogen bonds with each other. Thus benzyl alcohol can form hydrogen bonds with ethanol.
The experiment was carried out by inserting a 1 ml K2Cr2O7 and 4 drops of concentrated H2SO4, then whisk, add 1 ml of absolute ethanol into a test tube. Whisk and heat the reaction tube in a water bath temperature of 800C. The experiment was carried out also for 2-propanol, t-butanol, and 70% alcohol. The results of such experiments on samples of absolute ethanol produces blue-green solution, while the other sample solution is colored blue. In the odor test, absolute ethanol produces a very pungent odor, while other samples odor of alcohol produced is not too overpowering. Change the color and odor generated in these experiments showed reaction with chromic acid oxidation that occurs in the sample solution. The reaction is as follows:
O O
K2Cr2O7 K2Cr2O7
R - CHO2OH R - C - H R - C – OH
O O
K2Cr2O7 K2Cr2O7
R - CHO2OH R - C - H R - C – OH
Iodoform
By setting up four test tubes, each filled with 2 ml of sample solution (absolute ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, t-butanol, and 70% alcohol). Then added into each test tube 2 ml of iodine, while stirring, add 6 M NaOH until the color of iodine changed to yellow. Silence, if not yet within 5 minutes a yellow precipitate formed, then heat the reaction tube in a water bath temperature of 600C.
Then obtained for absolute ethanol and 70% ethanol after heating to form a yellow precipitate with strong odors. In the isopropyl alcohol solution of bright yellow and strong smelling, while for t-butanol solution of the resulting light yellow color, which is divided into two parts, namely the upper and lower yellow clear solution.
Iodoform test reaction between the sample absolute ethanol or other alcohol with iodine to form a yellow solution. This is because alcohol reacts with hydrogen halides produces alkyl halide. Means on each sample containing iodoform alcohol.
The reaction is as follows:
CH3CH2OH + I2 +2 HI CH3COH
CH3COH 3HI2 + + + CHOONa CHI3 NaOH + 3 HI
(CH3) 3COH I2 + (CH3) + 2 HI 2CHCOH
(CH3) 3I2 + NaOH + 2CHCOH CHI3 CHOONa + 3 + HI
identification of the alcohol group, can be done with the metal Na .. Tertiary alcohols are soluble in water will react rapidly with the use of anhydrous CuSO4 to form alkyl insoluble in aqueous solution. As for the tertiary alcohol is indicated by the formation of a second liquid phase is separated from the original solution in the test tube immediately after the alcohol react. Secondary alcohols is slow and after heating the liquid phase will form the second layer is usually after 10 minutes. Primary alcohols and methanol can not react under these conditions.
By setting up four test tubes, each filled with 2 ml of sample solution (absolute ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, t-butanol, and 70% alcohol). Then added into each test tube 2 ml of iodine, while stirring, add 6 M NaOH until the color of iodine changed to yellow. Silence, if not yet within 5 minutes a yellow precipitate formed, then heat the reaction tube in a water bath temperature of 600C.
Then obtained for absolute ethanol and 70% ethanol after heating to form a yellow precipitate with strong odors. In the isopropyl alcohol solution of bright yellow and strong smelling, while for t-butanol solution of the resulting light yellow color, which is divided into two parts, namely the upper and lower yellow clear solution.
Iodoform test reaction between the sample absolute ethanol or other alcohol with iodine to form a yellow solution. This is because alcohol reacts with hydrogen halides produces alkyl halide. Means on each sample containing iodoform alcohol.
The reaction is as follows:
CH3CH2OH + I2 +2 HI CH3COH
CH3COH 3HI2 + + + CHOONa CHI3 NaOH + 3 HI
(CH3) 3COH I2 + (CH3) + 2 HI 2CHCOH
(CH3) 3I2 + NaOH + 2CHCOH CHI3 CHOONa + 3 + HI
identification of the alcohol group, can be done with the metal Na .. Tertiary alcohols are soluble in water will react rapidly with the use of anhydrous CuSO4 to form alkyl insoluble in aqueous solution. As for the tertiary alcohol is indicated by the formation of a second liquid phase is separated from the original solution in the test tube immediately after the alcohol react. Secondary alcohols is slow and after heating the liquid phase will form the second layer is usually after 10 minutes. Primary alcohols and methanol can not react under these conditions.
At the tertiary alcohol, chlorine atom is usually bonded to the carbon with the-OH group previously. In the secondary alcohol, often chlorine atom is bonded to the carbon with the hydroxy group. However, rearrangement can occur which lead to bound chlorine atoms do not occur prior to the carbon-OH binding
Pertanyaan pasca praktek
A. write the molecular formula and isoprapanol propanul
2.ester what is associated with a characteristic odor
3. how you can distinguish
a. CH3NH2 dengan CH3OH
b.C2H6 dengan t-C4H9OH
c CH3CHO dengan CH3CH2OH
d.CH3COOH dengan CH3CH3
e.CH3CH2Cl dengan CH3CH2CH3
f.CH3CH2CHO dengan CH3CH2CH2Cl
4. acetic acid can be prepared by oxidizing ethanol permanganatan ions in acidic conditions. write down the reduction reaction is happening?
answer
conclusion
A. dapatmengetahui chemical and physical properties of alcohol
* physical properties of alcohol is volatile, long-chain alcohol boiling point higher than at the branching. While the chemical nature of alcohol is that it can react with active metals (Na and K) and can be oxidized by oxidizing sepertiK2, CR2, O7 and KMnO4
2. iodoform test to distinguish primary alcohols, secondary, and tertiary. Oxidation of alcohols to produce the carboxylic acid primary olkohol
A. dapatmengetahui chemical and physical properties of alcohol
* physical properties of alcohol is volatile, long-chain alcohol boiling point higher than at the branching. While the chemical nature of alcohol is that it can react with active metals (Na and K) and can be oxidized by oxidizing sepertiK2, CR2, O7 and KMnO4
2. iodoform test to distinguish primary alcohols, secondary, and tertiary. Oxidation of alcohols to produce the carboxylic acid primary olkohol
Daftar Pustaka
CHANG,RAYMOND.2004.kimia dasar konsep-konsep inti.Jakarta ;Erlangga
CHANG,RAYMOND.2004.kimia dasar konsep-konsep inti.Jakarta ;Erlangga
Efinur.2011,penuntun pratikum dasar, Jambi; UNIVERSITAS Jambi
Fasseden.1999.unsur kimia.Jakarta;Erlangga
Matsjeh,Sabirin.1993, kimia organik 1.Jokyakarta;Dapertemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Dirjen Pendidikan Tinggi
Willbrahim.2003 rahasia rumus kimia. Jakarta ;Erlangga
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