Organic Compounds of Life

       Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds form elements. The compound is an element of compound materials consisting of two materials can be divided into elements or some other chemical reaction dg. combined with a fixed ratio of 92 elements in nature NaCl.Dikenal each element has a pure Na metal and Cl is the symbol and most pure gas is toxic, however, the symbol is derived from the Latin name after it is chemically combined or German Na and Cl will form seny edible.
          All the changes of organic compounds called macromolecules.
Macromolecules is a combination of many similar smaller molecules polymerized into a chain structure. In living organisms, there are three main types of macromolecules that controls all the activities and determine what an organism will do and become Proteins, carbohydrates nucleic danAsam.

 Proteins are macromolecules which are polymers of amino acids. Structurally, the protein goes into creating muscle tissue, connective tissue, and skin, hair, and nails, just for some functional nama.Protein are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions require energy and macromolecular Building enzyme lowers the amount of energy required
carbohydrate
Carbohydrates are a large group of compounds commonly called sugars, starches, and cellulose (which are the sugar or sugar polymers)
Generally sugar is a source of energy storage.
By breaking down sugar into carbon dioxide and water, living organisms can release the energy locked up in it is used for energy needs.
Glucose is a carbohydrate that animals use most for their energy.

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

Aromatic hydrocarbons
An arena is an aromatic hydrocarbon or a hydrocarbon with a single bond or a double bond, and between carbon atoms. Configuration 6 carbon atoms in an aromatic compound called benzene rings. Aromatic hydrocarbons can be monocyclic or polycyclic.
Some aromatic compounds that are not called heteroarena benzene derivatives, these compounds follow Hückel Rule. In these compounds, at least one carbon atom is replaced by another atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. One contohn compound is furan, a heterocyclic ring compound having 5 members, one oxygen atom. Another example is pyridine, a heterocyclic ring compound with 6 members, one nitrogen atom
Aromatic substitutionIn aromatic substitution,
 1 substituents on the ring arena (usually hydrogen) will be replaced with other substituents.
 2 main types are electrophilic aromatic substitution (active electrophile reagent) and nucleophilic aromatic substitution (reagennya nucleophile). In the radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution, a radical form of active reagents. One example is the nitration of salicylic acid: [4]:
 
 Nitration of salicylic acidCouplingsAt couplings, metal will catalyze the coupling between the two radical fragments formal. The results are usually obtained from the coupling reaction is the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds, for example alkilarena, vinyl arena, biraril, the carbon-nitrogen (aniline) or a carbon-oxygen bond new. An example is the arylation of perfluorobenzenaIn the field of organic chemistry, the structure of a series of ring-shaped atoms sometimes have greater stability than expected. Aromaticity is a chemical property in which a conjugated ring bond consists of unsaturated bond, a single pair, or an empty orbit showed stronger stability than the stability of a system consisting only of conjugation. Aromaticity can also be considered a manifestation of cyclic delocalization and resonance.
It is usually thought to occur because the electrons can spin in the form of a circle of atoms, which alternate between single and double covalent bonds. These bonds can be viewed as a hybrid bond (mix) between a single bond and a double bond, all bonds are the same (identical) with the other bond. Models commonly used aromatic ring, a benzene ring (cyclohexatriena) is formed of six-membered carbon ring with alternating, first developed by Kekulé. The model consists of two benzene resonance forms, which describes the single and double bonds covalen an alternate position. Benzene is a more stable molecule than expected regardless of the charge delocalization.

hydrocarbon derivatives

Hydrocarbon Derivatives

-Organic compounds are divided into two classes play: hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives -Hydrocarbon derivatives are molecular compounds of carbon and at least one other element that is not hydrogen -Organic halides are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms -Common organic halides include freons (chlorofluorocarbons) and Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) -Naming halides uses the same format as branched-chain hydrocarbons -The branch is named by shortening the halogen name to fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo- -In drawing organic halides using IUPAC names, draw the parent chain and add branches at locations specified in the name eg. Cl Cl | | HCCH | | HH 1,2-Dichloroethane Organic halides react fast-roomates is Explained from the idea that no strong covalent bond is broken - the electron rearrangement does not involve separation of the carbon atoms -Addition of halogens could be added to alkynes roomates results in alkenes or alkanes -By adding halogens to alkenes, the addition product could undergo another step, by adding halogens to the parent chain, the double bond has up to become a single bond in order to accommodate the halogens eg. Br Br Br Br | | | | HC = CH + Br-Br => HCCH | | Br Br -By adding hydrogen halides to unsaturated compounds will produce isomers HHHHHHHHH | | | | | | | | | HC = CCH + H-Cl => HCCCH OR HCCCH | | | | | | | HCl Cl H HH H -Substitution reaction is a reaction that involves the breaking of a carbon-hydrogen bond in an alkane or aromatic ring and the replacement of the hydrogen atom with another atom or group of atoms -With light energy it Enables the substitution reaction to move at a noticeable rate eg. C 3 H 8 + BR 2 + light => C 3 H 7 Br + HBR -Through substitution reaction, in order to name the reaction product, just indicate the location number of the replacement, Followed by the halogen prefix (eg Bromo-) and then state the type of parent chain. Also indicate the second product created from a substitution reaction (hydrogen bromide) eg. propane + bromine => 1-bromopropane + hydrogen bromide -Elimination is an organic reaction in an alkyl halide roomates reacts with hydroxide ions to produce an Alkene by removing a hydrogen and halide ion from the molecule Hhhhhh | | | | | | HCCCH + OH => HC = CCH + HO + Br | | | | | BRH H HH -Alcohols have properties that can be Explained by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a hydrocarbon chain -Short-chain alcohols are very soluble in water Because they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules -Alcohols are used as solvents in organic reactions Because they are effective for both polar and non-polar compounds -To name alcohols, the-e is dropped from the end of the alkane name and is replaced with-ol eg. Methane => methanol -Methanol is also called wood alcohol Because it was once made by heating wood shavings in the absence of water -These days, methanol is prepared by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen at high Temperatures and pressure with the use of a catalyst -Methanol, however, is poisonous to humans. Consuming a small amount could cause blindness or death -When naming alcohols with more than two carbon atoms, the position of the hydroxyl group is indicated Contain-alcohols that more than one hydroxyl group are called polyalcohols, their names indicate the positions of the hydroxyl groups eg. 1.2-Ethanediol -Alcohols undergo elimination reactions to produce alkenes through being catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid, roomates removes or eliminates a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group Hhhh | | | | HCCH + acid => HC = CH + HO | | | H OH H ethanol + acid => ethene + water -Ethers is a family of organic compounds that Contain an oxygen atom bonded between two hydrocarbon groups, and have the general formula R 1-OR 2 -To name ethers add oxy to the prefix for the smaller hydrocarbon group and join it to the alkane name of the larger hydrocarbon group eg. CH 3-OC 2 H 5 methoxyethane -Ethers have low solubility in water, low boiling points, and have no evidence of hydrogen bonding -Ethers undergo chemical change only when treated with powerful reagents under conditions Vigorous -Ethers are formed by the condensation reaction of alcohols -Condensation reaction is the joining of two molecules and the elimination of a small molecule, Usually water -The carbonyl functional group,-CO-, consists of a carbon atom with a double covalent bond to an oxygen atom -Aldehydes has the carbonyl group on the terminal carbon atom of a chain -To name aldehydes, replace the final-e of the name of the corresponding alkane with the suffix-al Small-aldehyde molecules have sharp, irritating odors whereas larger molecules have flowery odors and is used to makeup perfumes -A ketone has the carbonyl group present in a carbon chain anywhere except at the end of the chain -The difference in position of the carbonyl group affects the chemical reactivity, and Enables us to distinguish aldehydes from ketones empirically -To name ketones, replace the-e ending of the name of the corresponding alkane with-one -The Simplest ketone is acetone (propanone), CH 3 COCH 3 -The family of organic compounds, carboxylic acids Contain the Carboxyl functional group,-COOH, roomates includes both the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups -Carboxylic acids are found in citrus fruits, and other foods with properties of having a sour taste -Carboxylic acids also have distinctive odors (like sweat from a person's feet) -The molecules of carboxylic acids are polar and form hydrogen bonds both with each other and with water molecules -Carboxylic acids acid properties, so a litmus test can separate these compounds from other hydrocarbon derivatives -To name carboxylic acids, replace the-e ending of the alkane name with-oic, Followed by the word "acid" -Methanoic acid, HCOOH, is the first member of the carboxylic acid family -Some acids Contain two or three carbonyl groups such as oxalic acid, and citric acid COOH CH 2-COOH | | COOH HO-C-COOH | CH 2-COOH oxalic acid, citric acid -When carboxylic acids undergo a condensation reaction, in roomates a carboxylic acid combines with another reactant, it forms two products - an organic compound and water -Esterification is the condensation reaction in roomates a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to produce an ester and water -Carboxylic acid + alcohol => ester + water -The ester functional group is Similar to that of an acid, except that the hydrogen atoms of the Carboxyl group is replaced by a hydrocarbon branch -Esters are responsible for the odors of fruits and flowers and are also added to foods for flavor and taste -To name an ester, Determine name of the alkyl group from the alcohol used in the esterification reaction -Next change the ending of the acid name from "-oic acid" to "-oate" -Ethanoic acid + methanol => methyl ethanoate + water -Artificial flavorings are made by mixing synthetic esters to give Similar odors of the natural substance An amide-Carboxyl group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to a -Amides could be formed in condensation reactions -Amides occur in proteins, the large molecules found in all living organisms Peptide-bonds is the joining together of amino acids in proteins -To name amides, have the name of the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms, with the final-e replaced by the suffix-amide -Change the suffix of the carboxylic acid from "-oic acid" to-amide to have the same name results eg. ethanamide Amines-Consist of one or more hydrocarbon groups bonded to a nitrogen atom -Through X-ray diffraction reveals that the amine functional group is a nitrogen atom bonded by single covalent bonds to one, two, or three carbon atoms Amines-polar substances that are extremely soluble in water re as they form strong hydrogen bonds both to each other and to water -Amines have peculiar, horrible odors (eg smell of rotting fish) -The name of amines include the names of the alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, Followed by the suffix-amine eg. methylamine -Amines with one, two, or three hydrocarbon groups attached to the central nitrogen atom are Referred to as primary, secondary, and tertiary -Primary amines when a hydrogen atom is attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a hydrocarbon group -Secondary amines are when two hydrocarbon groups replaces the hydrogen atoms and tertiary amines replaces all of the hydrogen atoms with hydrocarbon groups -Amines are used in the synthesis of medicines -A group of amines found in many plants are called alkaloids -Many alkaloids influence the function of the central nervous systems of animals -Substitution - alkane / aromatic halogen + + light => + hydrogen halide organic halide -Elimination - alkyl halide + OH => Alkene water + | + water + halide ion -Elimination - alcohol + acid => Alkene + water

why the double bond carbond compounds form a one, two, and three

why the double bond carbon compounds form a one,'two, and three?
hydrocarbon compounds are carbon compounds simplest. From the name, hydrocarbons is a compound composed of only carbon atoms  hydrogen and carbon atoms. In everyday life
many of us have encountered hydrocarbons, such as kerosene, gasoline, natural gas, plastics etc. Till now been known for more than 2 million compounds hydrocarbons. To facilitate learning because
hydrocarbons were so many, experts mengolongkan hydrocarbon based arrangement atomatom
carbon in the molecule In accordance with their group number (IVA), the carbon
has four valence electrons. Therefore, to achieve an octet configuration of the carbon atom has
ability to form four covalent bonds are relatively strong. o Carbon atoms can form bonds between the carbon; form a single bond, duplicate or triplicate.o The carbon atoms have the ability to form chains (bond length). o carbon chain that forms can vary as follows  straight chain, branched and circular (cyclic)

PETROLEUM

Petroleum is a fossil fuel. Petroleum is often called crude oil, or oil.
It is called a fossil fuel because it was formed from the remains of
tiny sea plants and animals that died millions of years ago. When the
plants and animals died, they sank to the bottom of the oceans.
Here, they were buried by thousands of feet of sand and sediment,
which turned into sedimentary rock. As the layers increased, they
pressed harder and harder on the decayed remains at the bottom.
The heat and pressure changed the remains and, eventually,
petroleum was formed.
Petroleum deposits are locked in porous rocks almost like water is
trapped in a wet sponge. When crude oil comes out of the ground,
it can be as thin as water or as thick as tar. Petroleum is called a
nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to
form. We cannot make new petroleum reserves.

WHY ETHYLENE GAS TO MAKE A QUICK FRUIT RIPE

why ethylene gas to make a quick fruit ripe?
Ethylene is a growth hormone that is produced from normal metabolism in plants. Role of ethylene in fruit ripening and leaf loss. Ethylene is also called ethane
1. Ethylene compounds in plants are found in the gas phase, that is also called ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is colorless and volatile
2.Etilen has a fairly simple structure and are produced in higher plants.benefits of Ethylene
Ethylene is often used by the distributors and importers of fruit. Fruit packed in immature fruit for transport dealers. Once up to trade, the fruit is given ethylene (brooded) so fast cook.
In fruit ripening, ethylene working to solve the chlorophyll in young fruit, so the fruit has only xantofil and carotene. Thus, the color becomes orange or red fruit
Biosynthesis and Metabolism
Ethylene is produced by higher plants from the essential amino acid methionine in all plant tissues. Production of ethylene depends on the type of tissue, species, and stage of development. Ethylene is formed from methionine via 3 ATP process is an important component in the synthesis of ethylene. ATP and water will make methionine lost 3 phosphate groups. 1-Amino-1-carboxylic aminosiklopropana synthase (ACC synthase) and facilitates the production of ACC and SAM (S-adenosil methionine).
Oxygen required to oxidize ACC and ethylene production. This reaction is catalyzed using ethylene-forming enzyme. ACC synthase enzymes in tomatoes to be manipulated through biotechnology to slow ripening of the fruit so that the flavor is maintained.

AS ETHYLENE INHIBITOR

As Ethylene Inhibitor


          Why ethylene as an inhibitor of CO2?? Because of the changes in biochemistry and physiology during the harvest, which transpirasimenciptakan pumping activities, water is absorbed from the roots, trunk, branches and leaves untukmempertahankan turgiditas, so the plants look fresh and also have jaminankesehatan plants. Turgiditas of an organ is the result of a balance between hilangnyaair through transpiration and water appeal to the cells. The existence of transpiration, the water content of the cells decreased as a result cover osmotic pressure (OP) decreases. So SP increases. If the organs remain attached to the plant, the water quickly offset olehmasuknya deficitdengan water of vascular tissue, thereby tetapsegar cells (Turgid). Example:
 (1) if it means picking our fruit, broke ties with the parent / base, the water deficit so it is not balanced, the fruit will lose turgiditasnya.Nampak fresh fruit that had withered. The consequences of the loss of turgor.
 a) Transpiration and it will lose the protection of the plant leaf cools. As a result of biochemical changes in the leaves.b) The cells on the surface of the leaves become less active or inactive, and the leaves will be easy to attack pathogens. So, post-harvest handling to maintain turgidity. Another problem is the change of atmosphere in the fruit as we have depanbahwa plant is a closed system in which a layer of cuticle that coats epidermisdapat withstand the pressure a bit high. In apples, for example, the atmosphere or the air in berbedakomposisinya from the air around it. On leaves that have a spongy tissue dimanaterdapat air spaces, clearly different from the composition of the air with outside air. There are air Padaruang gas N2, O2 and CO2 and ethylene which is a product darimetabolisme. If the leaves or fruit are picked, it means deciding barriers by cuticle,
    2. there will be a flow of oxygen to the CO2 out of the fruit and the fruit. Consequently tarjadirasio O2 / CO2 is high. This will lead to increase in respiration and akanmempercepat spent materials for respiration, especially meningkatnyaproses-sugar reduction and oxidative processes primarily affecting phenolic compounds. Fruit yangmengalami this stress will stimulate respiration and Intesa protein. Increased respiration will lead to increased heat loss and plenty of water. Ethylene originally konsentrasinya100 - 1000 ppm through injury plucking will be reduced, so that the concentration menurunantara 0.5 to 1 pp.

Chilling susceptible crop plants that are susceptible to cold temperatures. Chillingsusceptible crop causing physical damage to the fruit, where ethylene production akanmeningkat due to physical damage. In chilling injury (damage due to low temperatures) terjadikerusakan primary and secondary. In the primary damage physical changes in membrane elipida. Then the secondary damage that occurs among ethylene synthesis stimulation that causes the crops (mainly fruit) mature faster, but, at temperatures that may cause the cessation terlalurendah maturation. Fruits and vegetables are very sensitive to cold damage when cooled below 13-16 ° C (55-60 ° F). Cold damage lowers product quality and memperpendekmasa save. Chilling injury can still be restored if such low temperatures masihmendekati optimum temperature threshold ..