hydrocarbon derivatives

Hydrocarbon Derivatives

-Organic compounds are divided into two classes play: hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives -Hydrocarbon derivatives are molecular compounds of carbon and at least one other element that is not hydrogen -Organic halides are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms -Common organic halides include freons (chlorofluorocarbons) and Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) -Naming halides uses the same format as branched-chain hydrocarbons -The branch is named by shortening the halogen name to fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo- -In drawing organic halides using IUPAC names, draw the parent chain and add branches at locations specified in the name eg. Cl Cl | | HCCH | | HH 1,2-Dichloroethane Organic halides react fast-roomates is Explained from the idea that no strong covalent bond is broken - the electron rearrangement does not involve separation of the carbon atoms -Addition of halogens could be added to alkynes roomates results in alkenes or alkanes -By adding halogens to alkenes, the addition product could undergo another step, by adding halogens to the parent chain, the double bond has up to become a single bond in order to accommodate the halogens eg. Br Br Br Br | | | | HC = CH + Br-Br => HCCH | | Br Br -By adding hydrogen halides to unsaturated compounds will produce isomers HHHHHHHHH | | | | | | | | | HC = CCH + H-Cl => HCCCH OR HCCCH | | | | | | | HCl Cl H HH H -Substitution reaction is a reaction that involves the breaking of a carbon-hydrogen bond in an alkane or aromatic ring and the replacement of the hydrogen atom with another atom or group of atoms -With light energy it Enables the substitution reaction to move at a noticeable rate eg. C 3 H 8 + BR 2 + light => C 3 H 7 Br + HBR -Through substitution reaction, in order to name the reaction product, just indicate the location number of the replacement, Followed by the halogen prefix (eg Bromo-) and then state the type of parent chain. Also indicate the second product created from a substitution reaction (hydrogen bromide) eg. propane + bromine => 1-bromopropane + hydrogen bromide -Elimination is an organic reaction in an alkyl halide roomates reacts with hydroxide ions to produce an Alkene by removing a hydrogen and halide ion from the molecule Hhhhhh | | | | | | HCCCH + OH => HC = CCH + HO + Br | | | | | BRH H HH -Alcohols have properties that can be Explained by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a hydrocarbon chain -Short-chain alcohols are very soluble in water Because they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules -Alcohols are used as solvents in organic reactions Because they are effective for both polar and non-polar compounds -To name alcohols, the-e is dropped from the end of the alkane name and is replaced with-ol eg. Methane => methanol -Methanol is also called wood alcohol Because it was once made by heating wood shavings in the absence of water -These days, methanol is prepared by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen at high Temperatures and pressure with the use of a catalyst -Methanol, however, is poisonous to humans. Consuming a small amount could cause blindness or death -When naming alcohols with more than two carbon atoms, the position of the hydroxyl group is indicated Contain-alcohols that more than one hydroxyl group are called polyalcohols, their names indicate the positions of the hydroxyl groups eg. 1.2-Ethanediol -Alcohols undergo elimination reactions to produce alkenes through being catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid, roomates removes or eliminates a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group Hhhh | | | | HCCH + acid => HC = CH + HO | | | H OH H ethanol + acid => ethene + water -Ethers is a family of organic compounds that Contain an oxygen atom bonded between two hydrocarbon groups, and have the general formula R 1-OR 2 -To name ethers add oxy to the prefix for the smaller hydrocarbon group and join it to the alkane name of the larger hydrocarbon group eg. CH 3-OC 2 H 5 methoxyethane -Ethers have low solubility in water, low boiling points, and have no evidence of hydrogen bonding -Ethers undergo chemical change only when treated with powerful reagents under conditions Vigorous -Ethers are formed by the condensation reaction of alcohols -Condensation reaction is the joining of two molecules and the elimination of a small molecule, Usually water -The carbonyl functional group,-CO-, consists of a carbon atom with a double covalent bond to an oxygen atom -Aldehydes has the carbonyl group on the terminal carbon atom of a chain -To name aldehydes, replace the final-e of the name of the corresponding alkane with the suffix-al Small-aldehyde molecules have sharp, irritating odors whereas larger molecules have flowery odors and is used to makeup perfumes -A ketone has the carbonyl group present in a carbon chain anywhere except at the end of the chain -The difference in position of the carbonyl group affects the chemical reactivity, and Enables us to distinguish aldehydes from ketones empirically -To name ketones, replace the-e ending of the name of the corresponding alkane with-one -The Simplest ketone is acetone (propanone), CH 3 COCH 3 -The family of organic compounds, carboxylic acids Contain the Carboxyl functional group,-COOH, roomates includes both the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups -Carboxylic acids are found in citrus fruits, and other foods with properties of having a sour taste -Carboxylic acids also have distinctive odors (like sweat from a person's feet) -The molecules of carboxylic acids are polar and form hydrogen bonds both with each other and with water molecules -Carboxylic acids acid properties, so a litmus test can separate these compounds from other hydrocarbon derivatives -To name carboxylic acids, replace the-e ending of the alkane name with-oic, Followed by the word "acid" -Methanoic acid, HCOOH, is the first member of the carboxylic acid family -Some acids Contain two or three carbonyl groups such as oxalic acid, and citric acid COOH CH 2-COOH | | COOH HO-C-COOH | CH 2-COOH oxalic acid, citric acid -When carboxylic acids undergo a condensation reaction, in roomates a carboxylic acid combines with another reactant, it forms two products - an organic compound and water -Esterification is the condensation reaction in roomates a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to produce an ester and water -Carboxylic acid + alcohol => ester + water -The ester functional group is Similar to that of an acid, except that the hydrogen atoms of the Carboxyl group is replaced by a hydrocarbon branch -Esters are responsible for the odors of fruits and flowers and are also added to foods for flavor and taste -To name an ester, Determine name of the alkyl group from the alcohol used in the esterification reaction -Next change the ending of the acid name from "-oic acid" to "-oate" -Ethanoic acid + methanol => methyl ethanoate + water -Artificial flavorings are made by mixing synthetic esters to give Similar odors of the natural substance An amide-Carboxyl group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to a -Amides could be formed in condensation reactions -Amides occur in proteins, the large molecules found in all living organisms Peptide-bonds is the joining together of amino acids in proteins -To name amides, have the name of the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms, with the final-e replaced by the suffix-amide -Change the suffix of the carboxylic acid from "-oic acid" to-amide to have the same name results eg. ethanamide Amines-Consist of one or more hydrocarbon groups bonded to a nitrogen atom -Through X-ray diffraction reveals that the amine functional group is a nitrogen atom bonded by single covalent bonds to one, two, or three carbon atoms Amines-polar substances that are extremely soluble in water re as they form strong hydrogen bonds both to each other and to water -Amines have peculiar, horrible odors (eg smell of rotting fish) -The name of amines include the names of the alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, Followed by the suffix-amine eg. methylamine -Amines with one, two, or three hydrocarbon groups attached to the central nitrogen atom are Referred to as primary, secondary, and tertiary -Primary amines when a hydrogen atom is attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a hydrocarbon group -Secondary amines are when two hydrocarbon groups replaces the hydrogen atoms and tertiary amines replaces all of the hydrogen atoms with hydrocarbon groups -Amines are used in the synthesis of medicines -A group of amines found in many plants are called alkaloids -Many alkaloids influence the function of the central nervous systems of animals -Substitution - alkane / aromatic halogen + + light => + hydrogen halide organic halide -Elimination - alkyl halide + OH => Alkene water + | + water + halide ion -Elimination - alcohol + acid => Alkene + water